盐酸哌甲酯

id: methylphenidate
brandNames:
  US:
    - Concerta
    - Ritalin
    - Ritalin LA
    - Metadate CD
    - Metadate ER
    - Methylin
    - Quillivant XR
    - Quillichew ER
    - Jornay PM
    - Aptensio XR
    - Cotempla XR-ODT
    - Daytrana
  CN:
    - 专注达 (Concerta)
  EU:
    - Concerta
    - Ritalin
    - Equasym
    - Medikinet
    - Rubifen
    - Tuzulby
  JP:
    - コンサータ (Concerta)
    - リタリン (Ritalin)
  UK:
    - Concerta XL
    - Ritalin
    - Equasym XL
    - Medikinet XL
    - Xaggitin XL
  AU:
    - Concerta
    - Ritalin
    - Ritalin LA
  CA:
    - Concerta
    - Ritalin
    - Biphentin
genericName:
  en: methylphenidate hydrochloride
  zh: 盐酸哌甲酯
  ja: 塩酸メチルフェニデート
manufacturers:
  - name: Janssen (Johnson & Johnson)
    region: US
    product: Concerta
  - name: Novartis
    region: US
    product: Ritalin
  - name: 西安杨森 (Janssen China)
    region: CN
    product: 专注达
  - name: ヤンセンファーマ
    region: JP
    product: コンサータ
chemicalStructure:
  smiles: COC(=O)C(C1CCCCN1)C2=CC=CC=C2
  pubchemCid: 4158
  molecularFormula: C14H19NO2
  imageUrl: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug/compound/cid/4158/PNG
  wikipediaUrl: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Methylphenidate-2D-skeletal.svg
drugClass: stimulant
drugClassLabel:
  en: Stimulant
  zh: 兴奋剂
  ja: 中枢刺激薬
category: methylphenidate
categoryLabel:
  en: Methylphenidate
  zh: 哌甲酯类
  ja: メチルフェニデート系
controlledSubstance: true
schedule:
  US: Schedule II
  CN: 第一类精神药品
  EU: Varies by country
  JP: 第一種向精神薬
  UK: Class B, Schedule 2
activeIngredient:
  en: methylphenidate hydrochloride
  zh: 盐酸哌甲酯
  ja: 塩酸メチルフェニデート
mechanismOfAction:
  en: Blocks reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, increasing their concentration in the synaptic cleft. Primarily affects the prefrontal cortex to improve attention and executive function.
  zh: 阻断多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素的再摄取，增加突触间隙中这些神经递质的浓度。主要作用于前额叶皮层，改善注意力和执行功能。
  ja: ドーパミンとノルエピネフリンの再取り込みを阻害し、シナプス間隙でのこれらの濃度を増加させます。主に前頭前皮質に作用し、注意力と実行機能を改善します。
neurotransmittersAffected:
  - dopamine
  - norepinephrine
forms:
  - type: tablet
    typeLabel:
      en: Tablet
      zh: 片剂
      ja: 錠剤
    releaseType: immediate
    releaseTypeLabel:
      en: Immediate Release
      zh: 速释
      ja: 即放性
    brandName: Ritalin
    strengths:
      - 5mg
      - 10mg
      - 20mg
    durationHours: 4
    notes:
      en: Usually taken 2-3 times daily
      zh: 通常每日服用2-3次
      ja: 通常1日2〜3回服用
  - type: tablet
    typeLabel:
      en: Tablet
      zh: 片剂
      ja: 錠剤
    releaseType: extended
    releaseTypeLabel:
      en: Extended Release
      zh: 缓释
      ja: 徐放性
    brandName: Concerta
    strengths:
      - 18mg
      - 27mg
      - 36mg
      - 54mg
    durationHours: 12
    notes:
      en: OROS technology, once daily dosing
      zh: OROS技术，每日一次给药
      ja: OROS技術、1日1回投与
  - type: capsule
    typeLabel:
      en: Capsule
      zh: 胶囊
      ja: カプセル
    releaseType: extended
    releaseTypeLabel:
      en: Extended Release
      zh: 缓释
      ja: 徐放性
    brandName: Ritalin LA
    strengths:
      - 10mg
      - 20mg
      - 30mg
      - 40mg
    durationHours: 8
    notes:
      en: Can be opened and sprinkled on food
      zh: 可打开撒在食物上服用
      ja: カプセルを開けて食べ物にふりかけることができます
  - type: patch
    typeLabel:
      en: Transdermal Patch
      zh: 透皮贴剂
      ja: 経皮パッチ
    releaseType: extended
    releaseTypeLabel:
      en: Extended Release
      zh: 缓释
      ja: 徐放性
    brandName: Daytrana
    strengths:
      - 10mg/9hr
      - 15mg/9hr
      - 20mg/9hr
      - 30mg/9hr
    durationHours: 12
    notes:
      en: Transdermal patch, wear for 9 hours
      zh: 透皮贴剂，佩戴9小时
      ja: 経皮パッチ、9時間装着
  - type: liquid
    typeLabel:
      en: Liquid Suspension
      zh: 口服液
      ja: 液剤
    releaseType: extended
    releaseTypeLabel:
      en: Extended Release
      zh: 缓释
      ja: 徐放性
    brandName: Quillivant XR
    strengths:
      - 25mg/5mL
    durationHours: 12
    notes:
      en: Liquid suspension for those who can't swallow pills
      zh: 适用于不能吞服药片者
      ja: 錠剤を飲み込めない方のための液体懸濁液
onsetMinutes: 30
peakEffectHours: 2
durationHours: 12
sideEffects:
  common:
    - name:
        en: decreased appetite
        zh: 食欲下降
        ja: 食欲減退
      frequency: 25-40%
    - name:
        en: insomnia
        zh: 失眠
        ja: 不眠
      frequency: 20-30%
    - name:
        en: headache
        zh: 头痛
        ja: 頭痛
      frequency: 15-25%
    - name:
        en: stomach ache
        zh: 胃痛
        ja: 腹痛
      frequency: 10-20%
    - name:
        en: irritability
        zh: 易怒
        ja: 易刺激性
      frequency: 10-15%
    - name:
        en: weight loss
        zh: 体重减轻
        ja: 体重減少
      frequency: 10-15%
  uncommon:
    - name:
        en: increased heart rate
        zh: 心率加快
        ja: 心拍数増加
      frequency: 5-10%
    - name:
        en: increased blood pressure
        zh: 血压升高
        ja: 血圧上昇
      frequency: 5-10%
    - name:
        en: anxiety
        zh: 焦虑
        ja: 不安
      frequency: 5-8%
    - name:
        en: dizziness
        zh: 头晕
        ja: めまい
      frequency: 5%
  serious:
    - name:
        en: cardiovascular events
        zh: 心血管事件
        ja: 心血管イベント
      notes:
        en: Rare; increased risk in those with pre-existing heart conditions
        zh: 罕见；既往有心脏病者风险增加
        ja: まれ；既存の心臓疾患がある場合リスク増加
    - name:
        en: psychiatric symptoms
        zh: 精神症状
        ja: 精神症状
      notes:
        en: May exacerbate psychosis or mania in susceptible individuals
        zh: 可能加重易感个体的精神病或躁狂症状
        ja: 感受性の高い人では精神病や躁病を悪化させる可能性
    - name:
        en: growth suppression
        zh: 生长抑制
        ja: 成長抑制
      notes:
        en: May slow growth in children; effect usually temporary
        zh: 可能减缓儿童生长；通常是暂时的
        ja: 小児の成長を遅らせる可能性；通常一時的
contraindications:
  en:
    - Hypersensitivity to methylphenidate
    - MAO inhibitor use within 14 days
    - Glaucoma
    - Severe anxiety, tension, or agitation
    - Motor tics or family history of Tourette's syndrome
  zh:
    - 对哌甲酯过敏
    - 14天内使用过MAO抑制剂
    - 青光眼
    - 严重焦虑、紧张或激动
    - 运动性抽动或有图雷特综合征家族史
  ja:
    - メチルフェニデートに対する過敏症
    - 14日以内のMAO阻害剤使用
    - 緑内障
    - 重度の不安、緊張、または興奮
    - 運動性チックまたはトゥレット症候群の家族歴
drugInteractions:
  - drug:
      en: MAO inhibitors
      zh: MAO抑制剂
      ja: MAO阻害剤
    severity: major
    effect:
      en: Hypertensive crisis risk
      zh: 高血压危象风险
      ja: 高血圧クリーゼのリスク
  - drug:
      en: Antihypertensives
      zh: 降压药
      ja: 降圧薬
    severity: moderate
    effect:
      en: May reduce effectiveness of blood pressure medications
      zh: 可能降低降压药的疗效
      ja: 降圧薬の効果を低下させる可能性
blackBoxWarnings:
  en:
    - High potential for abuse and dependence
    - Sudden death reported in patients with pre-existing structural cardiac abnormalities
  zh:
    - 高度滥用和依赖风险
    - 既往有心脏结构异常的患者中有猝死报告
  ja:
    - 乱用および依存の可能性が高い
    - 既存の心臓構造異常のある患者で突然死が報告されている
pregnancyCategory: C
foodInteractions:
  en: Avoid high-fat meals with some formulations; acidic foods/drinks may reduce absorption
  zh: 某些制剂应避免与高脂肪餐同服；酸性食物/饮料可能降低吸收
  ja: 一部の製剤では高脂肪食を避ける；酸性の食品/飲料は吸収を低下させる可能性
typicalDosing:
  children:
    startingDose: 5mg BID (IR) / 18mg QD (ER)
    maxDose: 60mg/day
    notes:
      en: Start low, titrate weekly
      zh: 从低剂量开始，每周调整
      ja: 低用量から開始し、毎週調整
  adults:
    startingDose: 10mg BID (IR) / 18-36mg QD (ER)
    maxDose: 72mg/day
    notes:
      en: May need higher doses than children
      zh: 可能需要比儿童更高的剂量
      ja: 小児より高用量が必要な場合がある
costEstimate:
  US:
    brand: $300-500/month
    generic: $30-80/month
  CN:
    brand: ¥300-600/month
    generic: Limited
storageRequirements:
  en: Room temperature (20-25°C), protect from moisture and light
  zh: 室温保存（20-25°C），避免潮湿和光照
  ja: 室温（20-25°C）で保存、湿気と光を避ける
approvals:
  - region: US
    agency: FDA
    year: 1955
    approvedAges:
      en: 6 years and older
      zh: 6岁及以上
      ja: 6歳以上
    indications:
      en:
        - ADHD
        - Narcolepsy
      zh:
        - 注意缺陷多动障碍
        - 发作性睡病
      ja:
        - ADHD
        - ナルコレプシー
    available: true
    notes:
      en: Original Ritalin; Concerta approved 2000
      zh: 利他林原研药；专注达2000年获批
      ja: オリジナルのリタリン；コンサータは2000年承認
  - region: CN
    agency: NMPA
    year: 2005
    approvedAges:
      en: 6 years and older
      zh: 6岁及以上
      ja: 6歳以上
    indications:
      en:
        - ADHD
      zh:
        - 注意缺陷多动障碍
      ja:
        - ADHD
    available: true
    notes:
      en: Only extended-release available; supply shortages reported 2024-2025
      zh: 仅有缓释制剂；2024-2025年报告供应短缺
      ja: 徐放製剤のみ利用可能；2024-2025年に供給不足が報告
  - region: EU
    agency: EMA
    year: 1954
    approvedAges:
      en: 6-17 years (varies by country for adults)
      zh: 6-17岁（成人因国家而异）
      ja: 6〜17歳（成人は国によって異なる）
    indications:
      en:
        - ADHD
      zh:
        - 注意缺陷多动障碍
      ja:
        - ADHD
    available: true
    notes:
      en: Adult approval varies by EU member state
      zh: 成人适应症因欧盟成员国而异
      ja: 成人への承認はEU加盟国によって異なる
  - region: JP
    agency: PMDA
    year: 2007
    approvedAges:
      en: 6 years and older
      zh: 6岁及以上
      ja: 6歳以上
    indications:
      en:
        - ADHD
      zh:
        - 注意缺陷多动障碍
      ja:
        - ADHD
    available: true
    notes:
      en: Requires registration in ADHD Proper Distribution Management System since 2019
      zh: 自2019年起需在ADHD适当流通管理系统注册
      ja: 2019年以降、ADHD適正流通管理システムへの登録が必要
  - region: UK
    agency: MHRA
    year: 1955
    approvedAges:
      en: 6 years and older
      zh: 6岁及以上
      ja: 6歳以上
    indications:
      en:
        - ADHD
      zh:
        - 注意缺陷多动障碍
      ja:
        - ADHD
    available: true
    notes:
      en: ""
      zh: ""
      ja: ""
  - region: AU
    agency: TGA
    year: 1966
    approvedAges:
      en: 6 years and older
      zh: 6岁及以上
      ja: 6歳以上
    indications:
      en:
        - ADHD
        - Narcolepsy
      zh:
        - 注意缺陷多动障碍
        - 发作性睡病
      ja:
        - ADHD
        - ナルコレプシー
    available: true
    notes:
      en: ""
      zh: ""
      ja: ""
  - region: CA
    agency: Health Canada
    year: 1979
    approvedAges:
      en: 6 years and older
      zh: 6岁及以上
      ja: 6歳以上
    indications:
      en:
        - ADHD
        - Narcolepsy
      zh:
        - 注意缺陷多动障碍
        - 发作性睡病
      ja:
        - ADHD
        - ナルコレプシー
    available: true
    notes:
      en: ""
      zh: ""
      ja: ""
specialConsiderations:
  cardiacRisk:
    en: Cardiovascular evaluation recommended before starting; caution in patients with heart conditions
    zh: 开始治疗前建议进行心血管评估；有心脏病患者需谨慎
    ja: 開始前に心血管評価を推奨；心臓疾患のある患者には注意
  abuseRisk:
    en: Schedule II controlled substance; high abuse potential, especially IR formulations
    zh: 二类管制药物；滥用风险高，尤其是速释制剂
    ja: スケジュールII規制物質；特に即放性製剤で乱用の可能性が高い
  withdrawalNotes:
    en: No significant physical withdrawal; may experience fatigue and depression when stopping
    zh: 无明显身体戒断症状；停药时可能出现疲劳和抑郁
    ja: 重大な身体的離脱症状はない；中止時に疲労やうつを経験する可能性
  monitoringRequired:
    en: Height, weight, blood pressure, heart rate; periodic cardiovascular assessment
    zh: 身高、体重、血压、心率；定期心血管评估
    ja: 身長、体重、血圧、心拍数；定期的な心血管評価
travelRules:
  generalAdvice:
    en: Methylphenidate is available in most countries but is a controlled substance everywhere. Carry proper documentation when traveling internationally.
    zh: 哌甲酯在大多数国家可用，但在所有国家都是管制药物。国际旅行时请携带适当文件。
    ja: メチルフェニデートはほとんどの国で入手可能ですが、どこでも規制物質です。海外旅行時は適切な書類を携帯してください。
  requiredDocumentation:
    - type: prescription
      typeLabel:
        en: Valid prescription
        zh: 有效处方
        ja: 有効な処方箋
      notes:
        en: Original prescription in original packaging
        zh: 原始处方和原包装
        ja: 元の処方箋と元のパッケージ
    - type: medical_letter
      typeLabel:
        en: Doctor's letter
        zh: 医生证明信
        ja: 医師の診断書
      notes:
        en: Recommended for longer trips
        zh: 长途旅行建议携带
        ja: 長期旅行の場合は推奨
  maxPersonalSupply:
    default: 90 days
    byRegion:
      JP: 30 days
      EU: 30 days
      UK: 3 months
      AU: 3 months
  crossBorderRules:
    - fromRegion: US
      toRegion: JP
      status: requires_permit
      statusLabel:
        en: Requires Import Permit
        zh: 需要进口许可
        ja: 輸入許可が必要
      requirements:
        en:
          - Apply to Japanese Narcotics Control Department
          - Obtain Yakkan Shoumei (import certificate)
          - Maximum 30-day supply
        zh:
          - 向日本麻药取缔部门申请
          - 获得药监证明（Yakkan Shoumei）
          - 最多30天用量
        ja:
          - 麻薬取締部への申請
          - 薬監証明の取得
          - 最大30日分
      maxSupply: 30 days
      notes:
        en: Methylphenidate is legal in Japan but requires advance permission. Apply 2+ weeks before travel.
        zh: 哌甲酯在日本合法，但需要提前许可。请在旅行前2周以上申请。
        ja: メチルフェニデートは日本で合法ですが、事前の許可が必要です。旅行の2週間以上前に申請してください。
      sources:
        - https://www.ncd.mhlw.go.jp/en/application.html
    - fromRegion: US
      toRegion: CN
      status: restricted
      statusLabel:
        en: Restricted
        zh: 受限
        ja: 制限あり
      requirements:
        en:
          - Carry original prescription
          - Doctor's letter explaining medical necessity
          - Keep in original packaging
          - Declare at customs if asked
        zh:
          - 携带原始处方
          - 医生证明信说明医疗必要性
          - 保持原包装
          - 如被询问在海关申报
        ja:
          - 元の処方箋を携帯
          - 医学的必要性を説明する医師の手紙
          - 元のパッケージを維持
          - 求められた場合は税関で申告
      maxSupply: 30 days
      notes:
        en: Methylphenidate is a Class I psychotropic substance in China. Personal use amounts may be allowed with proper documentation, but regulations are strict.
        zh: 哌甲酯在中国属于第一类精神药品。携带适当文件的个人使用量可能被允许，但规定严格。
        ja: メチルフェニデートは中国で第一類精神薬品です。適切な書類があれば個人使用量は許可される場合がありますが、規制は厳格です。
      sources:
        - http://www.nhc.gov.cn/
    - fromRegion: US
      toRegion: EU
      status: restricted
      statusLabel:
        en: Restricted - Schengen Certificate
        zh: 受限 - 需申根证明
        ja: 制限あり - シェンゲン証明書
      requirements:
        en:
          - Obtain Schengen certificate from your health authority
          - Certificate valid for 30 days
          - Carry original prescription
        zh:
          - 从您的卫生部门获取申根证明
          - 证明有效期30天
          - 携带原始处方
        ja:
          - 保健当局からシェンゲン証明書を取得
          - 証明書の有効期間は30日
          - 元の処方箋を携帯
      maxSupply: 30 days
      notes:
        en: Schengen countries require a standardized medical certificate for controlled substances. Non-Schengen EU countries may have different requirements.
        zh: 申根国家对管制药物需要标准化医疗证明。非申根欧盟国家可能有不同要求。
        ja: シェンゲン加盟国では規制物質に対して標準化された医療証明書が必要です。非シェンゲンEU諸国には異なる要件がある場合があります。
      sources:
        - https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/
    - fromRegion: US
      toRegion: UK
      status: allowed
      statusLabel:
        en: Allowed with Documentation
        zh: 凭文件允许
        ja: 書類があれば許可
      requirements:
        en:
          - Carry prescription in original packaging
          - Letter from prescribing doctor recommended
        zh:
          - 携带原包装处方药
          - 建议携带开药医生的证明信
        ja:
          - 処方箋を元のパッケージで携帯
          - 処方医の手紙を推奨
      maxSupply: 3 months
      notes:
        en: UK allows personal import of controlled medicines. No special permit needed for personal use amounts.
        zh: 英国允许个人进口管制药物。个人使用量无需特别许可。
        ja: 英国は規制薬の個人輸入を許可しています。個人使用量であれば特別な許可は不要です。
      sources:
        - https://www.gov.uk/travelling-controlled-drugs
    - fromRegion: US
      toRegion: AU
      status: restricted
      statusLabel:
        en: Restricted - Declaration Required
        zh: 受限 - 需要申报
        ja: 制限あり - 申告が必要
      requirements:
        en:
          - Declare medication at customs
          - Carry prescription and doctor's letter
          - Maximum 3 months supply
        zh:
          - 在海关申报药物
          - 携带处方和医生证明信
          - 最多3个月用量
        ja:
          - 税関で薬物を申告
          - 処方箋と医師の手紙を携帯
          - 最大3ヶ月分
      maxSupply: 3 months
      notes:
        en: Australia classifies methylphenidate as Schedule 8. Must be declared at customs.
        zh: 澳大利亚将哌甲酯列为Schedule 8药物。必须在海关申报。
        ja: オーストラリアではメチルフェニデートはSchedule 8に分類されています。税関での申告が必要です。
      sources:
        - https://www.tga.gov.au/entering-australia
    - fromRegion: US
      toRegion: CA
      status: allowed
      statusLabel:
        en: Allowed with Prescription
        zh: 凭处方允许
        ja: 処方箋があれば許可
      requirements:
        en:
          - Carry medication in original labeled container
          - Bring copy of prescription
        zh:
          - 携带原标签容器中的药物
          - 携带处方副本
        ja:
          - 元のラベル付き容器で薬を携帯
          - 処方箋のコピーを持参
      maxSupply: 90 days
      notes:
        en: Straightforward crossing for personal use with proper documentation.
        zh: 携带适当文件的个人使用量过境较为简单。
        ja: 適切な書類があれば、個人使用での国境通過は簡単です。
      sources:
        - https://www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca/
fdaData:
  applicationNumbers:
    - NDA010187
    - NDA021121
  splSetId: b30c6af2-1f71-4a99-a73e-1a6c6bdc40e1
  rxcui:
    - "4158"
    - "83366"
    - "250467"
    - "310380"
  pharmacologicClass:
    mechanismOfAction:
      - Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors [MoA]
      - Norepinephrine Uptake Inhibitors [MoA]
    establishedClass:
      - Central Nervous System Stimulant [EPC]
    physiologicEffect:
      - Increased Dopaminergic Transmission [PE]
      - Increased Norepinephrine Transmission [PE]
  boxedWarning:
    en: CNS stimulants, including methylphenidate products, have a high potential for abuse and dependence. Assess the risk of abuse prior to prescribing and monitor for signs of abuse and dependence while on therapy. Sudden death has been reported in patients with structural cardiac abnormalities or other serious heart problems.
    zh: 包括哌甲酯产品在内的中枢神经系统兴奋剂具有高度的滥用和依赖风险。在开处方前评估滥用风险，并在治疗期间监测滥用和依赖的迹象。有报告显示结构性心脏异常或其他严重心脏问题的患者出现猝死。
    ja: メチルフェニデート製品を含むCNS刺激薬は、乱用と依存の可能性が高いです。処方前に乱用のリスクを評価し、治療中は乱用と依存の兆候を監視してください。構造的な心臓異常またはその他の重篤な心臓疾患を持つ患者で突然死が報告されています。
  fdaIndications:
    en: Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Narcolepsy in patients 6 years of age and older.
    zh: 治疗6岁及以上患者的注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）和发作性睡病。
    ja: 6歳以上の患者における注意欠陥多動性障害（ADHD）およびナルコレプシーの治療。
  abuseAndDependence:
    controlledSubstanceClass: CII
    abuse:
      en: Methylphenidate is a Schedule II controlled substance. Signs of abuse include increased dosing, drug-seeking behavior, and use despite harm. Patients with history of drug abuse may be at higher risk.
      zh: 哌甲酯是二类管制物质。滥用迹象包括增加剂量、寻药行为以及尽管有害仍继续使用。有药物滥用史的患者风险可能更高。
      ja: メチルフェニデートはスケジュールII規制物質です。乱用の兆候には、投与量の増加、薬物探索行動、害にもかかわらず使用が含まれます。薬物乱用歴のある患者はリスクが高い可能性があります。
    dependence:
      en: Psychological dependence may develop with chronic use. Abrupt cessation following prolonged use may result in fatigue, depression, and sleep disturbances.
      zh: 慢性使用可能产生心理依赖。长期使用后突然停药可能导致疲劳、抑郁和睡眠障碍。
      ja: 慢性的な使用により心理的依存が発生する可能性があります。長期使用後の突然の中止は、疲労、うつ病、睡眠障害を引き起こす可能性があります。
  labelEffectiveDate: "20241115"
  fdaLabelUrl: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=b30c6af2-1f71-4a99-a73e-1a6c6bdc40e1
faersData:
  totalReports: 48500
  seriousReports: 28200
  topReactions:
    - reaction:
        en: drug ineffective
        zh: 药物无效
        ja: 薬効なし
      reportCount: 4120
      percentage: 8.5
    - reaction:
        en: anxiety
        zh: 焦虑
        ja: 不安
      reportCount: 3650
      percentage: 7.5
    - reaction:
        en: insomnia
        zh: 失眠
        ja: 不眠
      reportCount: 3200
      percentage: 6.6
    - reaction:
        en: depression
        zh: 抑郁
        ja: うつ病
      reportCount: 2850
      percentage: 5.9
    - reaction:
        en: weight decreased
        zh: 体重减轻
        ja: 体重減少
      reportCount: 2640
      percentage: 5.4
    - reaction:
        en: headache
        zh: 头痛
        ja: 頭痛
      reportCount: 2480
      percentage: 5.1
    - reaction:
        en: decreased appetite
        zh: 食欲下降
        ja: 食欲減退
      reportCount: 2350
      percentage: 4.8
    - reaction:
        en: irritability
        zh: 易怒
        ja: 易刺激性
      reportCount: 2100
      percentage: 4.3
    - reaction:
        en: nausea
        zh: 恶心
        ja: 悪心
      reportCount: 1950
      percentage: 4
    - reaction:
        en: aggression
        zh: 攻击性
        ja: 攻撃性
      reportCount: 1820
      percentage: 3.8
  demographics:
    byAge:
      - ageGroup: 6-11
        count: 12800
      - ageGroup: 12-17
        count: 14200
      - ageGroup: 18-24
        count: 8500
      - ageGroup: 25-34
        count: 6200
      - ageGroup: 35-44
        count: 4100
      - ageGroup: 45-54
        count: 1800
      - ageGroup: 55-64
        count: 700
      - ageGroup: 65+
        count: 200
    bySex:
      - sex: Male
        count: 31200
      - sex: Female
        count: 16100
      - sex: Unknown
        count: 1200
  outcomes:
    recovered: 18500
    recovering: 4200
    notRecovered: 8900
    fatal: 180
    unknown: 16720
  dataRange:
    from: 2004-01-01
    to: 2025-12-01
  lastUpdated: 2025-12-03
rxnormData:
  ingredientRxcui: "6901"
  ingredientName: methylphenidate
  rxcuiMappings:
    - rxcui: "6901"
      name: methylphenidate
      tty: IN
      description: Base ingredient
    - rxcui: "1312584"
      name: Quillivant
      tty: BN
      description: Brand name
    - rxcui: "1648175"
      name: Aptensio
      tty: BN
      description: Brand name
    - rxcui: "1727444"
      name: QuilliChew
      tty: BN
      description: Brand name
    - rxcui: "1926841"
      name: Cotempla
      tty: BN
      description: Brand name
    - rxcui: "2052821"
      name: Relexxii
      tty: BN
      description: Brand name
    - rxcui: "2119550"
      name: Adhansia
      tty: BN
      description: Brand name
    - rxcui: "2168839"
      name: Jornay
      tty: BN
      description: Brand name
    - rxcui: "224917"
      name: Ritalin
      tty: BN
      description: Brand name
    - rxcui: "261572"
      name: Methylin
      tty: BN
      description: Brand name
    - rxcui: "284704"
      name: Concerta
      tty: BN
      description: Brand name
    - rxcui: "594111"
      name: Metadate
      tty: BN
      description: Brand name
    - rxcui: "631252"
      name: Daytrana
      tty: BN
      description: Brand name
    - rxcui: "203188"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride
      tty: PIN
      description: Precise ingredient (includes salt form)
    - rxcui: "1091135"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 2 MG/ML Oral Solution [Methylin]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091139"
      name: 30/70 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 10 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Metadate]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091143"
      name: 50/50 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 10 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Ritalin]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091153"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 10 MG Chewable Tablet [Methylin]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091157"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 18 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet [Concerta]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091163"
      name: 30/70 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 20 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Metadate]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091167"
      name: 50/50 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 20 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Ritalin]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091172"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 27 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet [Concerta]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091178"
      name: 30/70 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 30 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Metadate]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091182"
      name: 50/50 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 30 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Ritalin]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091187"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 36 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet [Concerta]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091193"
      name: 30/70 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 40 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Metadate]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091197"
      name: 50/50 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 40 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Ritalin]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091204"
      name: 30/70 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 50 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Metadate]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091212"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 54 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet [Concerta]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091220"
      name: 30/70 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 60 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Metadate]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091324"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 5 MG Chewable Tablet [Methylin]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091343"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 1 MG/ML Oral Solution [Methylin]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091379"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 10 MG Oral Tablet [Ritalin]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091391"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 2.5 MG Chewable Tablet [Methylin]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091395"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 20 MG Oral Tablet [Ritalin]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091488"
      name: 8 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 20 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet [Metadate]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091500"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 5 MG Oral Tablet [Ritalin]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1312589"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 5 MG/ML Extended Release Suspension [Quillivant]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1648180"
      name: 40/60 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 10 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Aptensio]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1648185"
      name: 40/60 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 15 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Aptensio]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1648189"
      name: 40/60 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 20 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Aptensio]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1648192"
      name: 40/60 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 30 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Aptensio]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1648195"
      name: 40/60 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 40 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Aptensio]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1648198"
      name: 40/60 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 50 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Aptensio]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1648201"
      name: 40/60 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 60 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Aptensio]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1727450"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 20 MG Chewable Extended Release Oral Tablet [QuilliChew]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1734930"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 30 MG Chewable Extended Release Oral Tablet [QuilliChew]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1734953"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 40 MG Chewable Extended Release Oral Tablet [QuilliChew]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1926847"
      name: methylphenidate 17.3 MG Disintegrating Oral Tablet [Cotempla]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1926851"
      name: methylphenidate 25.9 MG Disintegrating Oral Tablet [Cotempla]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1926855"
      name: methylphenidate 8.6 MG Disintegrating Oral Tablet [Cotempla]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "2052826"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 72 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet [Relexxii]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "2119565"
      name: 20/80 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 35 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Adhansia]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "2168859"
      name: Evening Dosing 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 60 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Jornay]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "2168863"
      name: Evening Dosing 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 80 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Jornay]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "2168865"
      name: Evening Dosing 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 100 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Jornay]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "2168867"
      name: Evening Dosing 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 20 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Jornay]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "2168869"
      name: Evening Dosing 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 40 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Jornay]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "2605943"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 45 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet [Relexxii]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "2605946"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 63 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet [Relexxii]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "2668496"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 18 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet [Relexxii]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "2668499"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 27 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet [Relexxii]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "2668502"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 36 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet [Relexxii]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "2668505"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 54 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet [Relexxii]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "753437"
      name: 9 HR methylphenidate 1.11 MG/HR Transdermal System [Daytrana]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "753439"
      name: 9 HR methylphenidate 1.67 MG/HR Transdermal System [Daytrana]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "753442"
      name: 9 HR methylphenidate 2.22 MG/HR Transdermal System [Daytrana]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "753443"
      name: 9 HR methylphenidate 3.33 MG/HR Transdermal System [Daytrana]
      tty: SBD
      description: Branded drug (brand + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1312586"
      name: methylphenidate Extended Release Suspension [Quillivant]
      tty: SBDF
      description: Branded ingredient + dose form
    - rxcui: "1648177"
      name: methylphenidate Extended Release Oral Capsule [Aptensio]
      tty: SBDF
      description: Branded ingredient + dose form
    - rxcui: "1805914"
      name: methylphenidate Transdermal System [Daytrana]
      tty: SBDF
      description: Branded ingredient + dose form
    - rxcui: "1926843"
      name: methylphenidate Disintegrating Oral Tablet [Cotempla]
      tty: SBDF
      description: Branded ingredient + dose form
    - rxcui: "2052823"
      name: methylphenidate Extended Release Oral Tablet [Relexxii]
      tty: SBDF
      description: Branded ingredient + dose form
    - rxcui: "2119552"
      name: methylphenidate Extended Release Oral Capsule [Adhansia]
      tty: SBDF
      description: Branded ingredient + dose form
    - rxcui: "2168841"
      name: methylphenidate Extended Release Oral Capsule [Jornay]
      tty: SBDF
      description: Branded ingredient + dose form
    - rxcui: "2270758"
      name: methylphenidate Chewable Extended Release Oral Tablet [QuilliChew]
      tty: SBDF
      description: Branded ingredient + dose form
    - rxcui: "368776"
      name: methylphenidate Oral Tablet [Ritalin]
      tty: SBDF
      description: Branded ingredient + dose form
    - rxcui: "370331"
      name: methylphenidate Extended Release Oral Tablet [Concerta]
      tty: SBDF
      description: Branded ingredient + dose form
    - rxcui: "542367"
      name: methylphenidate Chewable Tablet [Methylin]
      tty: SBDF
      description: Branded ingredient + dose form
    - rxcui: "543272"
      name: methylphenidate Oral Solution [Methylin]
      tty: SBDF
      description: Branded ingredient + dose form
    - rxcui: "608682"
      name: methylphenidate Extended Release Oral Capsule [Ritalin]
      tty: SBDF
      description: Branded ingredient + dose form
    - rxcui: "630810"
      name: methylphenidate Extended Release Oral Capsule [Metadate]
      tty: SBDF
      description: Branded ingredient + dose form
    - rxcui: "885414"
      name: methylphenidate Extended Release Oral Tablet [Metadate]
      tty: SBDF
      description: Branded ingredient + dose form
    - rxcui: "1091133"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 2 MG/ML Oral Solution
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091145"
      name: 8 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 10 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091150"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 10 MG Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091152"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 10 MG Chewable Tablet
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091155"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 18 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091170"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 27 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091185"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 36 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091210"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 54 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091225"
      name: 8 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 20 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091322"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 5 MG Chewable Tablet
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091341"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 1 MG/ML Oral Solution
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091389"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 2.5 MG Chewable Tablet
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091392"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 20 MG Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091497"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 5 MG Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1091501"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 2.5 MG Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1312583"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 5 MG/ML Extended Release Suspension
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1648183"
      name: 40/60 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 15 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1727443"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 20 MG Chewable Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1734928"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 30 MG Chewable Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1734951"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 40 MG Chewable Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1806177"
      name: 50/50 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 20 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1806179"
      name: 50/50 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 30 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1806181"
      name: 30/70 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 10 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1806183"
      name: 50/50 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 40 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1806185"
      name: 50/50 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 60 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1806187"
      name: 30/70 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 20 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1806189"
      name: 30/70 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 30 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1806191"
      name: 30/70 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 40 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1806193"
      name: 30/70 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 50 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1806195"
      name: 50/50 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 10 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1806197"
      name: 30/70 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 60 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1806200"
      name: 40/60 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 10 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1806202"
      name: 40/60 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 20 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1806204"
      name: 40/60 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 50 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1806206"
      name: 40/60 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 30 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1806208"
      name: 40/60 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 60 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1806210"
      name: 40/60 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 40 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1926840"
      name: methylphenidate 17.3 MG Disintegrating Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1926849"
      name: methylphenidate 25.9 MG Disintegrating Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1926853"
      name: methylphenidate 8.6 MG Disintegrating Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1995461"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 72 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "2001564"
      name: BX Rating 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 18 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "2001565"
      name: BX Rating 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 27 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "2001566"
      name: BX Rating 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 36 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "2001568"
      name: BX Rating 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 54 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "2119563"
      name: 20/80 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 35 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "2168857"
      name: Evening Dosing 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 60 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "2168861"
      name: Evening Dosing 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 80 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "2168864"
      name: Evening Dosing 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 100 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "2168866"
      name: Evening Dosing 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 20 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "2168868"
      name: Evening Dosing 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 40 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "2605796"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 63 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "2605798"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 45 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "753436"
      name: 9 HR methylphenidate 1.11 MG/HR Transdermal System
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "753438"
      name: 9 HR methylphenidate 1.67 MG/HR Transdermal System
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "753440"
      name: 9 HR methylphenidate 2.22 MG/HR Transdermal System
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "753441"
      name: 9 HR methylphenidate 3.33 MG/HR Transdermal System
      tty: SCD
      description: Clinical drug (ingredient + strength + form)
    - rxcui: "1312582"
      name: methylphenidate Extended Release Suspension
      tty: SCDF
      description: Ingredient + dose form
    - rxcui: "1805912"
      name: methylphenidate Transdermal System
      tty: SCDF
      description: Ingredient + dose form
    - rxcui: "1926839"
      name: methylphenidate Disintegrating Oral Tablet
      tty: SCDF
      description: Ingredient + dose form
    - rxcui: "2270756"
      name: methylphenidate Chewable Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCDF
      description: Ingredient + dose form
    - rxcui: "372861"
      name: methylphenidate Oral Tablet
      tty: SCDF
      description: Ingredient + dose form
    - rxcui: "372862"
      name: methylphenidate Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCDF
      description: Ingredient + dose form
    - rxcui: "374655"
      name: methylphenidate Extended Release Oral Capsule
      tty: SCDF
      description: Ingredient + dose form
    - rxcui: "476365"
      name: methylphenidate Chewable Tablet
      tty: SCDF
      description: Ingredient + dose form
    - rxcui: "476368"
      name: methylphenidate Oral Solution
      tty: SCDF
      description: Ingredient + dose form
  brandMappings:
    - brandName: Quillivant
      rxcui: "1312584"
      region: US
    - brandName: Aptensio
      rxcui: "1648175"
      region: US
    - brandName: QuilliChew
      rxcui: "1727444"
      region: US
    - brandName: Cotempla
      rxcui: "1926841"
      region: US
    - brandName: Relexxii
      rxcui: "2052821"
      region: US
    - brandName: Adhansia
      rxcui: "2119550"
      region: US
    - brandName: Jornay
      rxcui: "2168839"
      region: US
    - brandName: Ritalin
      rxcui: "224917"
      region: US
    - brandName: Methylin
      rxcui: "261572"
      region: US
    - brandName: Concerta
      rxcui: "284704"
      region: US
    - brandName: Metadate
      rxcui: "594111"
      region: US
    - brandName: Daytrana
      rxcui: "631252"
      region: US
    - brandName: Ritalin LA
      rxcui: ""
      region: US
    - brandName: Metadate CD
      rxcui: ""
      region: US
    - brandName: Metadate ER
      rxcui: ""
      region: US
    - brandName: Quillivant XR
      rxcui: "1312584"
      region: US
    - brandName: Quillichew ER
      rxcui: ""
      region: US
    - brandName: Jornay PM
      rxcui: ""
      region: US
    - brandName: Aptensio XR
      rxcui: ""
      region: US
    - brandName: Cotempla XR-ODT
      rxcui: ""
      region: US
  synonyms:
    - name: methylphenidate hydrochloride
      type: chemical
      source: RxNorm
    - name: Quillivant
      type: brand
      source: RxNorm
    - name: Aptensio
      type: brand
      source: RxNorm
    - name: QuilliChew
      type: brand
      source: RxNorm
    - name: Cotempla
      type: brand
      source: RxNorm
    - name: Relexxii
      type: brand
      source: RxNorm
    - name: Adhansia
      type: brand
      source: RxNorm
    - name: Jornay
      type: brand
      source: RxNorm
    - name: Ritalin
      type: brand
      source: RxNorm
    - name: Methylin
      type: brand
      source: RxNorm
    - name: Concerta
      type: brand
      source: RxNorm
    - name: Metadate
      type: brand
      source: RxNorm
    - name: Daytrana
      type: brand
      source: RxNorm
    - name: methylphenidate
      type: generic
      source: RxNorm
  relatedDrugs:
    - rxcui: "1091133"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 2 MG/ML Oral Solution
      tty: SCD
      relationship: clinical_drug
    - rxcui: "1091145"
      name: 8 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 10 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      relationship: clinical_drug
    - rxcui: "1091150"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 10 MG Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      relationship: clinical_drug
    - rxcui: "1091152"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 10 MG Chewable Tablet
      tty: SCD
      relationship: clinical_drug
    - rxcui: "1091155"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 18 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      relationship: clinical_drug
    - rxcui: "1091170"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 27 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      relationship: clinical_drug
    - rxcui: "1091185"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 36 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      relationship: clinical_drug
    - rxcui: "1091210"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 54 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      relationship: clinical_drug
    - rxcui: "1091225"
      name: 8 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 20 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      relationship: clinical_drug
    - rxcui: "1091322"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 5 MG Chewable Tablet
      tty: SCD
      relationship: clinical_drug
    - rxcui: "1091341"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 1 MG/ML Oral Solution
      tty: SCD
      relationship: clinical_drug
    - rxcui: "1091389"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 2.5 MG Chewable Tablet
      tty: SCD
      relationship: clinical_drug
    - rxcui: "1091392"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 20 MG Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      relationship: clinical_drug
    - rxcui: "1091497"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 5 MG Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      relationship: clinical_drug
    - rxcui: "1091501"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 2.5 MG Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      relationship: clinical_drug
    - rxcui: "1312583"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 5 MG/ML Extended Release Suspension
      tty: SCD
      relationship: clinical_drug
    - rxcui: "1648183"
      name: 40/60 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 15 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule
      tty: SCD
      relationship: clinical_drug
    - rxcui: "1727443"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 20 MG Chewable Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      relationship: clinical_drug
    - rxcui: "1734928"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 30 MG Chewable Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      relationship: clinical_drug
    - rxcui: "1734951"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 40 MG Chewable Extended Release Oral Tablet
      tty: SCD
      relationship: clinical_drug
    - rxcui: "1091135"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 2 MG/ML Oral Solution [Methylin]
      tty: SBD
      relationship: branded_drug
    - rxcui: "1091139"
      name: 30/70 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 10 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Metadate]
      tty: SBD
      relationship: branded_drug
    - rxcui: "1091143"
      name: 50/50 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 10 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Ritalin]
      tty: SBD
      relationship: branded_drug
    - rxcui: "1091153"
      name: methylphenidate hydrochloride 10 MG Chewable Tablet [Methylin]
      tty: SBD
      relationship: branded_drug
    - rxcui: "1091157"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 18 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet [Concerta]
      tty: SBD
      relationship: branded_drug
    - rxcui: "1091163"
      name: 30/70 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 20 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Metadate]
      tty: SBD
      relationship: branded_drug
    - rxcui: "1091167"
      name: 50/50 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 20 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Ritalin]
      tty: SBD
      relationship: branded_drug
    - rxcui: "1091172"
      name: 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 27 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet [Concerta]
      tty: SBD
      relationship: branded_drug
    - rxcui: "1091178"
      name: 30/70 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 30 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Metadate]
      tty: SBD
      relationship: branded_drug
    - rxcui: "1091182"
      name: 50/50 Release 24 HR methylphenidate hydrochloride 30 MG Extended Release Oral Capsule [Ritalin]
      tty: SBD
      relationship: branded_drug
  lastUpdated: 2025-12-04
instructions:
  indicationsAndUsage:
    en: |
      Methylphenidate hydrochloride is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant indicated for the treatment of:
      - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in patients 6 years of age and older
      - Narcolepsy

      ADHD should be diagnosed according to DSM criteria and should include consideration of information from multiple sources. A comprehensive treatment program typically includes psychological, educational, and social measures.
  dosageAndAdministration:
    en: |
      ADHD:
      - Immediate-Release (IR): Start with 5 mg twice daily (before breakfast and lunch). Increase gradually in increments of 5-10 mg weekly. Maximum dose: 60 mg/day in divided doses.
      - Extended-Release (ER): Start with 18 mg once daily in the morning. May increase in 18 mg increments at weekly intervals. Maximum dose: 72 mg/day (adults) or 54 mg/day (children 6-12).

      General Instructions:
      - Administer orally in the morning to avoid insomnia
      - Extended-release tablets should be swallowed whole; do not crush, chew, or divide
      - May be taken with or without food
      - Periodically reassess the need for treatment

      Narcolepsy:
      - 10-60 mg/day in divided doses (2-3 times daily), 30-45 minutes before meals
  dosageForms:
    en: |
      Immediate-Release Tablets: 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg
      Extended-Release Tablets (Concerta): 18 mg, 27 mg, 36 mg, 54 mg, 72 mg
      Extended-Release Capsules (Ritalin LA): 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg
      Extended-Release Capsules (Metadate CD): 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg, 60 mg
      Chewable Tablets: 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg
      Oral Solution: 5 mg/5 mL, 10 mg/5 mL
      Extended-Release Oral Suspension (Quillivant XR): 25 mg/5 mL
      Transdermal Patch (Daytrana): 10 mg/9hr, 15 mg/9hr, 20 mg/9hr, 30 mg/9hr
  contraindications:
    en: |
      Methylphenidate is contraindicated in patients with:
      - Known hypersensitivity to methylphenidate or other components
      - Concurrent treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), or within 14 days of discontinuing MAOI treatment
      - Glaucoma
      - Motor tics or family history or diagnosis of Tourette's syndrome
      - Severe anxiety, tension, or agitation (may aggravate these conditions)
  warningsAndPrecautions:
    en: |
      SERIOUS CARDIOVASCULAR REACTIONS:
      - Sudden death has been reported in patients with structural cardiac abnormalities or other serious heart problems
      - Sudden death, stroke, and myocardial infarction have been reported in adults
      - Avoid use in patients with known structural cardiac abnormalities, cardiomyopathy, serious heart rhythm abnormalities, coronary artery disease, or other serious cardiac problems
      - Obtain cardiac evaluation if symptoms of cardiac disease develop

      BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEART RATE INCREASES:
      - Monitor pulse and blood pressure before and during treatment
      - Use with caution in patients for whom blood pressure increases may be problematic

      PSYCHIATRIC ADVERSE REACTIONS:
      - May cause treatment-emergent psychotic or manic symptoms in patients without prior history
      - May exacerbate symptoms of behavior disturbance and thought disorder in patients with pre-existing psychotic disorder
      - Monitor for aggressive behavior or hostility

      PRIAPISM:
      - Prolonged and painful erections have been reported; seek immediate medical attention if this occurs

      PERIPHERAL VASCULOPATHY (Raynaud's phenomenon):
      - Symptoms include digital changes (fingers/toes) - monitor for these effects

      LONG-TERM SUPPRESSION OF GROWTH:
      - Monitor height and weight during treatment; consider treatment interruption in patients not growing or gaining height/weight as expected

      SEIZURES:
      - May lower seizure threshold; discontinue if seizures occur
  adverseReactions:
    en: |
      Most Common Adverse Reactions (≥5%):
      - Decreased appetite
      - Insomnia
      - Nausea
      - Vomiting
      - Dyspepsia
      - Abdominal pain
      - Weight loss
      - Anxiety
      - Dizziness
      - Irritability
      - Affect lability
      - Tachycardia
      - Blood pressure increased

      Other Notable Adverse Reactions:
      - Headache
      - Dry mouth
      - Nervousness
      - Hyperhidrosis
      - Palpitations
      - Tremor
      - Blurred vision
      - Dyskinesia
  drugInteractions:
    en: |
      CONTRAINDICATED:
      - MAO Inhibitors: Do not use during or within 14 days of MAOI treatment. Risk of hypertensive crisis.

      USE WITH CAUTION:
      - Antihypertensive drugs: May decrease effectiveness of antihypertensives
      - Coumarin anticoagulants, anticonvulsants, tricyclic drugs: Methylphenidate may inhibit metabolism; downward dose adjustment may be required
      - Pressor agents: Caution when used concomitantly (additive effects on blood pressure)
      - Dopaminergic drugs (including antipsychotics): Pharmacodynamic interactions may occur
      - Risperidone: When co-administered, no effect on pharmacokinetics of either drug
      - Halogenated anesthetics: Risk of sudden blood pressure increase during surgery; avoid on day of surgery if possible
  useInSpecificPopulations:
    en: |
      PREGNANCY:
      - Category C. No adequate studies in pregnant women. Use only if potential benefit justifies risk to fetus.

      LACTATION:
      - Methylphenidate is present in human milk. Consider developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding along with mother's clinical need and potential effects on infant.

      PEDIATRIC USE:
      - Safety and efficacy established in patients 6 years and older. Not recommended for children under 6.
      - Long-term effects on growth should be monitored.

      GERIATRIC USE:
      - Clinical studies did not include sufficient numbers of patients 65 and older. Use with caution.

      RENAL IMPAIRMENT:
      - No dose adjustment required but monitor for adverse effects.

      HEPATIC IMPAIRMENT:
      - No specific studies; use with caution in patients with hepatic impairment.
  overdosage:
    en: |
      SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
      - Vomiting, agitation, tremors, hyperreflexia, muscle twitching
      - Convulsions (may be followed by coma)
      - Euphoria, confusion, hallucinations, delirium
      - Sweating, flushing, headache, hyperpyrexia
      - Tachycardia, palpitations, cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension
      - Mydriasis, dryness of mucous membranes

      TREATMENT:
      - Provide symptomatic and supportive care
      - Protect against self-injury and external stimuli
      - Gastric lavage may be indicated if ingestion is recent
      - Administer a cathartic if delayed absorption is suspected
      - Intensive care to maintain adequate circulation and respiratory exchange
      - External cooling procedures for hyperpyrexia
      - Efficacy of dialysis is not established
  clinicalPharmacology:
    en: |
      MECHANISM OF ACTION:
      Methylphenidate is a CNS stimulant. The mode of therapeutic action in ADHD is not known. Methylphenidate blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine into the presynaptic neuron and increases the release of these monoamines into the extraneuronal space.

      PHARMACODYNAMICS:
      Methylphenidate is a racemic mixture. The d-threo enantiomer is more pharmacologically active than the l-threo enantiomer.

      PHARMACOKINETICS:
      - Absorption: Readily absorbed; peak plasma concentration in 1-2 hours (IR) or 6-8 hours (ER)
      - Distribution: Plasma protein binding is low (10-33%)
      - Metabolism: Primarily metabolized via de-esterification to ritalinic acid (inactive)
      - Excretion: Mainly excreted in urine; mean plasma half-life is 2-3 hours (IR)
  howSupplied:
    en: |
      STORAGE AND HANDLING:
      - Store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F)
      - Protect from moisture
      - Keep in original container
      - Dispense in tight, light-resistant container

      DEA SCHEDULE:
      - Schedule II Controlled Substance

      Keep out of reach of children. Store in a secure place.
  patientCounselingInfo:
    en: |
      IMPORTANT PATIENT INFORMATION:

      1. ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE: This medicine has potential for abuse. Keep in a safe place to prevent misuse and abuse. Selling or giving away this medication is against the law.

      2. CARDIOVASCULAR RISKS: Report immediately any chest pain, shortness of breath, or fainting during treatment.

      3. PSYCHIATRIC EFFECTS: Report any new or worsening mental symptoms including hallucinations, aggressive behavior, or mood changes.

      4. CIRCULATION PROBLEMS: Report any unexplained wounds on fingers or toes, or changes in skin color (fingers/toes becoming pale, blue, or red).

      5. PRIAPISM: Seek immediate medical attention for erections lasting more than 4 hours.

      6. GROWTH IN CHILDREN: Height and weight will be monitored during treatment.

      7. DRIVING AND OPERATING MACHINERY: May cause dizziness; use caution until effects are known.

      8. DOSING: Take as prescribed. Do not change the dose without consulting your healthcare provider. Extended-release forms should be swallowed whole.

      9. MISSED DOSE: Take as soon as remembered unless it's late in the day (to avoid insomnia). Never double the dose.

      10. DRUG INTERACTIONS: Inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking, especially MAO inhibitors.
lastUpdated: 2025-12-04
sources:
  - https://chadd.org/about-adhd/adhd-medications-approved-by-the-us-fda/
  - https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/methylphenidate
  - https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/699401044
  - https://h-navi.jp/column/article/35028853
notes:
  en: Most widely prescribed ADHD medication globally. Multiple formulations available to suit different needs. China experiencing supply shortages as of 2024-2025.
  zh: 全球处方量最大的ADHD药物。有多种制剂可供选择以满足不同需求。中国2024-2025年出现供应短缺。
  ja: 世界で最も広く処方されているADHD薬。さまざまなニーズに対応する複数の製剤があります。中国では2024-2025年に供給不足が発生。