CLASSES
Drug Categories
Pharmacological categories of ADHD medications.
Stimulants
2 categoriesFirst-line treatment for ADHD. Work by increasing dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. Fast-acting but are controlled substances.
Learn more on WikipediaMethylphenidate
Methylphenidate is a central nervous system stimulant that works by blocking the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine. It is the most widely prescribed ADHD medication globally, available in immediate-release and extended-release formulations.
Amphetamine
Amphetamines are potent central nervous system stimulants that increase the release and block the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine. They include mixed amphetamine salts (Adderall) and the prodrug lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse). More restricted globally than methylphenidate.
Non-Stimulants
3 categoriesAlternative treatments when stimulants are ineffective, contraindicated, or cause intolerable side effects. Generally not controlled substances, making them easier to prescribe and travel with.
Learn more on WikipediaAtomoxetine
Atomoxetine is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) and the first non-stimulant medication approved for ADHD. It is not a controlled substance in most countries, making it easier to prescribe and travel with. Takes 4-6 weeks for full effect.
Alpha-2 Agonists
Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists (guanfacine, clonidine) were originally developed for hypertension but are now approved for ADHD. They work by stimulating alpha-2 receptors in the prefrontal cortex, improving attention and impulse control without stimulant effects.
Viloxazine
Viloxazine is a newer non-stimulant ADHD medication approved by the FDA in 2021. It is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor with serotonin modulating activity. Originally used as an antidepressant in Europe, it was reformulated for ADHD treatment.